Hexavalent chromium stainless steel manual#

Workers who are exposed to hexavalent chromium are at increased risk of developing lung cancer, asthma, or damage to the nasal epithelia and skin. Problematic exposure is known to occur among workers who handle chromate-containing products and those who grind and/ or weld stainless steel. Workers in many occupations are exposed to hexavalent chromium. Inhaled hexavalent chromium is recognized as a human carcinogen (causing cancers in humans). Hexavalent chromium can also be found in drinking water and public water systems. In these situations the chromium is not originally hexavalent, but the high temperatures involved in the process result in oxidation that converts the chromium to a hexavalent state. Industrial uses of hexavalent chromium compounds include chromate pigments in dyes, paints, inks, and plastics chromates added as anticorrosive agents to paints, primers, and other surface coatings and chromic acid electroplated onto metal parts to provide a decorative or protective coating.ĬHROMIUM-6 can be formed when performing 'hot work' such as welding on stainless steel or melting chromium metal. Chromium 6 is used in textile dyes, wood preservation, anti-corrosion products, chromate conversion coatings, and a variety of niche uses.

Additional hexavalent chromium compounds are chromium trioxide and various salts of chromate and dichromate. Ulfvarson U (1981) Survey of air contaminants from welding.Hexavalent chromium (chromium (VI), Cr (VI), chromium-6) refers to chemical compounds that contain the element chromium in the +6 oxidation state. Tossavainen A, Nurminen M, Mutanen P, Tola S (1980) Application of mathematical modelling for assessing the biological half-times of chromium and nickel in field studies. Tola S, Kilpiö J, Virtamo M, Haapa K (1977) Urinary chromium as an indicator of the exposure of welders to chromium. Thomsen E, Stern RM (1979) A simple analytical technique for the determination of hexavalent chromium in welding fumes and other complex matrices. Snedecor GW, Cochran WG (1980) Statistical methods. Sjögren B (1980) A retrospective cohort study of mortality among stainless steel welders. Schaller K-H, Essing H-G, Valentin H, Schäcke G (1972) Quantitative Chrombestimmung im Harn mit flammenloser Atomabsorptions-Spektrometrie. Rao R (1965) Linear statistical inference and its applications. Punsar S, Wolf W, Mertz W, Karvonen MJ (1977) Urinary chromium excretion and atherosclerotic manifestations in two Finnish male populations. Nomiyama H, Yotoriyama M, Nomiyama K (1980) Normal chromium levels in urine and blood of Japanese subjects determined by direct flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and valency of chromium in urine after exposure to hexavalent chromium. Nise G, Vesterberg O (1979) Direct determination of chromium in urine by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Mutti A, Cavatorta A, Pedroni C, Borghi A, Giaroli C, Franchini I (1979) The role of chromium accumulation in the relationship between airborne and urinary chromium in welders. Lautner GM, Carver JC, Konzen RB (1978) Measurement of chromium VI and chromium III in stainless steel welding fumes with electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis and neutron activation analysis. Keskinen H, Kalliomäki P-L, Alanko K (1980) Occupational asthma due to stainless steel welding fumes.

Hexavalent chromium stainless steel manual#

Kalliomäki P-L, Lakomaa E, Kalliomäk K, Kiilunen M, Kivelä R, Vaaranen V (1983) Stainless steel manual metal arc welding fumes in rats. Kalliomäki P-L, Rahkonen E, Vaaranen V, Kalliomäki K, Aittoniemi K (1981) Lung-retained contaminants, urinary chromium and nickel among stainless steel welders. Johansson SAE, Johansson TB (1976) Analytical application of particle induced X-ray emission. Gylseth B, Gundersen N, Langård S (1977) Evaluation of chromium exposure based on a simplified method for urinary chromium determination. Guthrie BE, Wolf WR, Veillon C, Mertz W (1978) Chromium in urine.

Med Lavora 68:353–363Įlkins HB, Pagnotto LD, Smith HL (1974) Concentration adjustments in urinalysis. Arbetarskyddsstyrelsens Undersökningsrapport 1980:3 Solna (In Swedish)īorghetti A, Mutti A, Cavatorta A, Falzoi M, Cigala F, Franchini I (1977) Indices rénaux d'exposition aique et d'impregnation chronique par le chrome. Blomquist G, Nilsson C-A, Nygren O (1980) Determination and sampling of hexavalent chromium.